Setting up a workplace retirement plan for your small business can help ensure your and your employees' retirement while attracting higher-quality talent. But not all retirement plans are created equal. If you're trying to decide between a SIMPLE IRA and a 401(k) plan for your small business, this article will give you the basics to help get you started down the right path.
The basics of SIMPLE IRAs
The SIMPLE IRA is, as the name implies, simple, at least relative to other workplace retirement plans. SIMPLE is a backronym for Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees, and IRA stands for Individual Retirement Account.
Any employer with 100 or fewer employees is eligible to establish a SIMPLE IRA plan, assuming they don't have any other workplace retirement plan. It's very easy to establish, with most financial institutions offering boilerplate plans for free.
Any employee who earned at least $5,000 in the previous two years and expects to earn $5,000 this year is eligible to contribute to a SIMPLE IRA account. Employers can establish less-restrictive rules if they choose, but they cannot add further restrictions.
Employees can elect to contribute up to $14,000 in 2022 and $15,500 in 2023. If the employee is 50 or older, they can contribute an additional $3,000 in 2022, or $3,500 in 2023. The employer withholds the amount the employee elects from each paycheck and deposits it in their designated SIMPLE IRA account.
In addition to the employee contribution, the employer contributes, too. The employer contribution can either be a dollar-for-dollar matching contribution of 3% of the employee's compensation or a nonelective contribution equal to 2% of each employee's compensation. The higher matching contribution percentage could result in the employer contributing more if its employees are motivated to save for retirement.
SIMPLE IRAs vs 401(k)s
A SIMPLE IRA has its advantages and disadvantages versus a 401(k). First, 401(k) plans require a lot more work to establish and administer, which means they're a lot more expensive for the business owner. 401(k) plans require nondiscrimination testing and annual tax reporting at the plan level.
Additionally, 401(k) plans may restrict the investment options for participants to make administration easier and ensure plan compliance. It's possible to establish self-directed 401(k) accounts, but SIMPLE IRA plans are more typically self-directed, allowing account holders to invest in a broad range of options, including individual stocks, bonds, and mutual funds.
On the other hand, 401(k) plans allow employees to contribute more to their retirement than a SIMPLE IRA if they choose. The contribution limit into 401(k)s for employee salary deferrals is $22,500 in 2023 (up from $20,500 in 2022) -- $7,000 more than a SIMPLE IRA. Those older than 50 are able to contribute up to $30,000 in 2021 (or $27,000 in 2022) versus $19,000 (or $17,000 in 2022) for a SIMPLE IRA.
There's also more flexibility for the employer contribution. Employers can contribute anywhere from 0% of an employee's compensation to 25% of compensation as long as it offers the same employer contribution terms to all participants. Additionally, matching contributions don't have to be dollar for dollar like in a SIMPLE IRA.
An employer can also implement vesting periods for the employer contribution in a 401(k). That means the employee needs to continue working to receive the benefit of the matching contribution. That can keep employees around longer. SIMPLE IRA employer contributions vest immediately.
401(k) plans may also allow employees to take a loan from their accounts. That can allow them to temporarily access their retirement funds for a big purchase or emergency spending, making them more appealing for employees.
Which is better for you?
The value of offering an employer-sponsored retirement plan is the ability to attract and retain good employees. So what's best for you, as a business owner, is also what's best for your employees.
If your business offers higher salaries, it's more likely you'll want to invest in the more expensive 401(k) plan. Employees with higher salaries are more likely to want to put away more of their savings for retirement. In addition, the more flexible matching contribution of a 401(k) may allow you to save more versus the compulsory employer contributions of a SIMPLE IRA. (Although, a good 401(k) employer match is a key benefit employees look at when comparing jobs.)
If you offer lower salaries, a SIMPLE IRA will likely suffice for your employees. $15,500 is still a high contribution limit when compared to retirement savings options outside of the workplace, especially for employees on an average salary. Keep in mind that a SIMPLE IRA or 401(k) won't prohibit employees from also contributing to their own IRAs outside of work, but it may restrict their deductible contribution if their income is too high.
The main benefit of a SIMPLE IRA is the lower cost of setup and administration. If a SIMPLE IRA meets the needs of your employees, it's a much better choice than a 401(k). But if you need more flexibility and higher contribution limits, a 401(k) is worth the expense.
