One of the things that makes 401(k)s so popular is their high contribution limits, but these accounts are more limiting to some employees than others. If you're one of the top earners at your company, there's a possibility you might be considered a highly compensated employee (HCE), which can reduce how much you're allowed to contribute to your 401(k). Here's a closer look at who is considered an HCE and how this can affect your 401(k).
What is a highly compensated employee?
A highly compensated employee (HCE) is an individual who meets one of the following criteria:
- They owned more than 5% of the company at any time during the year or during the preceding year, regardless of their actual compensation.
- They earn more than $150,000 from the business in 2023 (or $135,000 in 2022), and -- if the employer makes what's called a top-paid election -- they are in the top 20% of employees by compensation.
The first rule is pretty straightforward, but the second can be a little confusing. For many companies, it means that if your income exceeds the threshold for a given year, you're considered an HCE. For other companies, you may be considered an HCE only if you earn over the income limit and you're within the top 20% of all individuals at your company when they are ranked by compensation.
Let's say we have a 10-person company. Adam, the CEO, earns $500,000 and owns 90% of the company. Then there's Betty, who earns $350,000, and Charles, who earns $200,000. Danielle owns 10% of the company but earns only $70,000 per year. Finally, there are six other employees who make $40,000 or less each.
In this example, Adam would obviously be an HCE because he owns more than 5% of the company and makes more than $135,000 or $150,000, depending on the year. Danielle would also be considered an HCE because she owns more than 5% of the company, even though her salary isn't as high. Betty and Charles would also be considered HCEs unless the company decides to make a top-paid election. The top 20% of a 10-person company would be the top two employees -- Adam and Betty. In this case, Betty would still be considered an HCE but Charles would not because he falls outside the top 20%, even though his income is well above the limit for the year.
Being considered an HCE isn't something most employees have to worry about, but companies must conduct annual nondiscrimination tests to ensure that the 401(k) doesn't unfairly favor HCEs over non-HCEs.
401(k) contribution limits for HCEs
The 401(k) contribution limits for 2023 are $22,500 (or $20,500 in 2022) or $30,000 (or $27,000 in 2022) if you're 50 or older. HCEs may be able to contribute up to these limits or they may not, depending on how much the company's non-HCEs contribute to their accounts.
A company's annual nondiscrimination tests must ensure that HCE average contributions aren't more than 2 percentage points higher than the average contributions of non-HCEs. Total HCE contributions also can't be more than double the total contributions of non-HCEs.
If a 401(k) fails the nondiscrimination tests, the company must take immediate steps to correct the issue or else the plan could lose its tax-qualified status. The company can fix it by making extra contributions to the non-HCEs' 401(k)s or by requiring HCEs to withdraw some of their contributions.
Consider other retirement accounts
If you qualify as a highly compensated employee and it limits your 401(k) contributions more than you'd like, you can always use a different type of retirement account. You can instead open an individual retirement account (IRA), but your 2023 contributions are limited to $6,500, or $7,500 if you're 50 or older. For 2022, IRA contribution limits are $6,000, or $7,000 for those 50 and older.
You could also use a health savings account (HSA) if you have a high-deductible health insurance plan -- one with a deductible of $1,500 or more for an individual, or $3,000 or more for a family, in 2023. These aren't technically retirement accounts, but they offer several benefits that make them a good choice for your savings. Your contributions reduce your taxable income for the year, medical withdrawals are always tax-free, and, after 65, you can make nonmedical withdrawals without penalty, although you will owe taxes on these. Individuals may contribute up to $3,850 to an HSA in 2023 (up from $3,650 in 2022), and families may contribute up to $7,750 (up from $7,300 in 2022). Adults 55 and older can add another $1,000 to these limits.
If you don't have any other choices, consider a taxable brokerage account. You'll owe taxes on your contributions and your earnings, but if you hold your investments for a year or longer, your earnings become subject to long-term capital gains tax rather than income tax, which can save you money.
Remember, the definition of an HCE varies slightly from year to year, so if you're on the bubble, make sure you verify how much you can contribute to your 401(k) every year before you start putting away money. Talk to your company's HR department if you're not sure whether you're an HCE or how much you're allowed to contribute.
