Mortgage REITs, or mREITs, provide real estate financing by originating or purchasing mortgages or mortgage-backed securities. They are an essential part of the residential mortgage market, helping to finance roughly 1.4 million homes in the United States each year. They also support the commercial real estate sector by providing loans to develop, acquire, reposition, and own income-producing properties.
Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS)
Here's a closer look at the overall mortgage REIT market and the sector's unique risks. Plus, we'll discuss three interesting mREITs you might want to consider.
Understanding mortgage REITs
Understanding mortgage REITs
Mortgage REITs are a subcategory of the real estate investment trust (REIT) segment that focuses on real estate financing. The entities purchase or originate mortgages and mortgage-backed securities, earning interest income from their investments. Some mREITs also earn loan origination and servicing fees. These factors make mREITs similar to financial stocks.
Mortgage REITs make money differently than other real estate investments. They earn a profit on their net interest margin, which is the spread between the interest income generated by their mortgage assets and their funding costs. Mortgage REITs use various funding sources to originate and purchase mortgages and related securities. This can include common and preferred equity, repurchase agreements, structured financing, convertible and long-term debt, and credit facilities.
Mortgage REITs use those funding sources to acquire mortgage-related assets. Some mREITs will originate loans they hold on their balance sheet and sell them to other buyers, including government agencies, banks, or investors. In addition, mREITs purchase mortgages and mortgage-backed securities. They collect the fees and loan interest generated by mortgages, keeping what remains after paying funding and operating expenses.
Here's an example of how mREITs work. Let's say an mREIT raises $100 million of equity from investors to buy mortgages. It secures another $400 million from other sources, at an average funding cost of 2%, allowing it to purchase $500 million of mortgage-backed securities.
If the loans had an average weighted yield of 3%, they would generate $15 million of interest income annually. Meanwhile, at a 2% cost of funding, it would have $8 million of annual funding costs, allowing the mREIT to generate $7 million of net interest margin each year.
IRS guidelines for mREITs require them to distribute 90% of net income to shareholders via dividend payments, which explains the high dividend yields for most mREITs.
Risks
Risks of investing in mortgage REITs
Mortgage REITs are riskier than many other investments, including other REITs, because they face certain specific risks, including:
- Interest rate risk: While changes in interest rates affect REITs overall, they have an even greater effect on mREITs because changes in short- and long-term interest rates can affect net interest margins by increasing the costs of funding and reducing interest income. Interest rate changes can also affect the value of an mREIT's mortgage assets, impacting its net asset value and share price.
- Prepayment risk: Mortgage borrowers can refinance their loans or sell the underlying real estate. When that happens, it forces the mREIT to reinvest the repaid loan proceeds in the current interest rate market, which might be lower than the rate on the existing mortgage.
- Credit risk: Mortgage REITs focused on commercial mortgages can face credit risks if borrowers default. Mortgage REITs that focus on residential loans backed by government agencies don't have to worry about this nearly as much.
- Rollover risk: Residential mortgage REITs tend to own long-term mortgages and mortgage-backed securities. However, they often fund these purchases with shorter-duration borrowing since short-term interest rates are generally lower than long-term rates. This funding strategy creates rollover risk. The mREIT must obtain funding at attractive rates to roll over loans as they mature.
2 best mortgage REITs
2 mortgage REITs to consider in 2023
There are several dozen mREITs, and many have underperformed the S&P 500 in recent years due to fluctuating interest rates. However, a few mREITs stand out as strong candidates in this volatile sector and could be worth a look for patient investors who want high income streams.
| Top Mortgage REITs | Ticker | Type of Assets | Market Cap | Dividend Yield |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arbor Realty Trust | (NYSE:ABR) | Commercial | $2.6 billion | 12.57% |
| Annaly Capital Management | (NYSE:NLY) | Residential | $8.9 billion | 14.67% |
Here's a closer look at the two leading mortgage REITs.
Arbor Realty Trust
Arbor Realty Trust is an mREIT that finances commercial real estate. It focuses on making loans backed by multifamily properties, although it also finances student housing, land, healthcare facilities, offices, single-family rentals, and other property types.
The real estate financing company has three business platforms:
- Balance sheet loan origination: Arbor underwrites loans that it holds on its balance sheet.
- Government-Sponsored Enterprise (GSE)/Agency loan origination: The REIT originates small-balance loans ($1 million to $8 million) that it sells to Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, the Federal Housing Administration, and other agencies.
- Servicing: Arbor provides servicing on multifamily loans primarily held by GSEs.
Arbor's business model provides it with multiple income streams. The mREIT produces recurring long-dated cash flow from servicing fees, escrow revenue, and net interest income. It also generates one-time origination fees. This strategy gives it an advantage over mREITs solely focused on making money via the net interest margin.
Its diversified operating platform and multifamily focus have enabled it to generate fairly steady earnings in all market cycles. Arbor delivered its 10th consecutive annual dividend increase in 2021. That's notable since mREIT dividends have historically fluctuated because of the impact interest rates have on their net interest margin.
Annaly Capital Management
As the largest mREIT in the market, no discussion of the space feels complete without mentioning Annaly Capital Management. Annaly specializes in residential loans, and about three-fourths of its capital is allocated to agency-backed, mortgage-backed securities. Because these are relatively low-yielding compared with commercial mortgages, Annaly uses a considerable amount of financial leverage. As of the end of the first quarter, Annaly had $11.5 billion in equity and a portfolio of $84.4 billion of investments.
Although it isn't completely immune from interest rate risks, Annaly has done a fantastic job of hedging against rising rates through futures and swaps, and it has actively increased its hedging efforts in recent quarters. Although its stock price can be quite a roller coaster ride, the business has performed quite well over the long term. In fact, since its IPO in the late 1990s, Annaly has delivered a 726% total return for investors, which is more than 200% better than the S&P 500 managed over the same period.
Related investing topics
Mortgage REITs offer higher dividends along with higher risk
mREITs can generate a significant net interest margin when there's a wide spread between short-term interest rates (where they borrow) and long-term interest rates (where they lend). Unfortunately, the spread doesn't usually stay wide for long, which is why mREITs tend to be very volatile.
Because of that risk, mREIT's aren't always the best option for income-seeking investors since their high yields fluctuate wildly. However, a few interesting mREITs are worth considering since their differentiated business models help insulate them from the sector's overall volatility.
