Defense companies get the bulk of their revenue from one customer -- the U.S. government. Fortunately, that customer has deep pockets and a long history of paying its bills. The federal government’s stability gives defense companies and investors some predictability when it comes to managing cash and projecting growth.
Companies in the defense sector offer a wide range of products and services to their main customer, and some are better investments than others. Here's what you need to know about investing in the defense sector and how to pick where to put your money.
Top defense stocks
Top defense stocks to buy in 2023
| Company | Defense Focus |
|---|---|
| Lockheed Martin (NYSE:LMT) | Aviation, space, and missiles |
| Boeing (NYSE:BA) | Aircraft, space, and helicopters |
| Northrop Grumman (NYSE:NOC) | Nuclear efforts, bombers, space |
| General Dynamics (NYSE:GD) | Shipbuilding, defense IT, tanks |
| Raytheon Technologies (NYSE:RTX) | Electronics, missiles, aerospace components |
| Leidos Holdings (NYSE:LDOS) | Defense IT, space |
Let's look closer at these standout companies.
1. Lockheed Martin
1. Lockheed Martin
Lockheed Martin is the world's largest defense company and the U.S. government’s biggest contractor. It’s the lead contractor on the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, the world’s most expensive airplane. Lockheed’s legendary "Skunk Works" research facility in California is world renowned, and the company has leveraged its research muscle to become a leader in advanced fighter planes, high-tech missiles, and cutting-edge electronics.
2. Boeing
2. Boeing
Boeing is best known for its commercial airplanes, but its defense business is large enough to rank among the industry’s titans. Boeing makes several different aircraft and helicopters for the Pentagon and is also involved in space pursuits. The company's defense business has also branched out into autonomous submarines and other products.
3. Northrop Grumman
3. Northrop Grumman
Northrop Grumman is responsible for stealth bombers and has a large space portfolio. The company is closely tied to the nuclear triad, a combination of nuclear missiles, bombers, and submarines able to strike back if the nation is attacked.
4. General Dynamics
4. General Dynamics
General Dynamics is one of two primary military shipbuilders and has a portfolio of tanks and land vehicles that makes it one of the go-to vendors for the U.S. Army. General Dynamics also has one of the largest defense-focused IT and services businesses, giving it some revenue stability at times when the Pentagon cuts back on equipment purchases.
5. Raytheon Technologies
5. Raytheon Technologies
Raytheon Technologies doesn't make warships or fighters, but it has a role in a wide range of important military platforms led by other contractors. It is the product of the 2020 merger between Raytheon, a defense electronics and missile specialist, and United Technologies, which makes aircraft engines and a variety of other aerospace parts.
6. Leidos Holdings
6. Leidos Holdings
Leidos Holdings is the largest government information technology (IT) company. It has also actively expanded into hardware, providing the electronics and brains for autonomous ships and building a strong portfolio of classified research capabilities geared for the intelligence and space communities.
Defense ETFs
Defense ETFs
If you are bullish on defense but would rather not choose among individual companies, you can buy shares in one or more exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that cover the sector. Three primary ETFs are focused on defense:
- Invesco Aerospace & Defense (NYSE:PPA)
- SPDR S&P Aerospace & Defense (NYSE:XAR)
- iShares U.S. Aerospace & Defense (BATS:ITA)
Defense goes electric
For most of its history, the defense industry’s primary expertise was in metal-bending. There were only a few companies on Earth capable of building massive battleships, bombers, and tanks.
But in defense, as in the rest of the world, value is increasingly going not to the companies that forge the steel but to the ones that provide the brains that go inside it. Defense electronics and cybersecurity are growing pieces of almost every company’s portfolio. It’s where a lot of the internal investment is going right now.
Defense IT also remains a priority, with vendors scrambling to provide secure networks and data-rich communications systems to the Pentagon.
Will conflict move defense stocks?
The Russian invasion of Ukraine is likely to reverberate through the defense sector for years. The move reignited simmering Cold War–era tensions and provided a horrific reminder of the importance of a strong, modernized military.
Defense companies initially traded up when the war started, but they have given up those gains in the months since. The conflict is likely to add to defense sales in the years to come through replenishment of weapons sent to Ukraine and as European allies look to strengthen their military muscle. But investors need to understand that defense projects tend to have multiyear timetables. Any near-term sales boost from the conflict is likely not going to be large.
Large defense contractors generate much better margins on research and development into advanced new weapons systems than they do from selling one-off missiles or ammunition. If the U.S. government were to deemphasize research to fund active operations, the conflict in Europe or elsewhere could actually be a negative to defense stocks. However, given the importance of research, that seems unlikely to happen.
The pandemic took its toll
Defense companies also have complex supply chains, including a need for a lot of semiconductors and other advanced technologies. COVID-19 disrupted supply chains, which led to delivery delays and revenue below forecasts.
The government is a reliable customer. Given time, deliveries should all get sorted out. But it has created a lot of volatility in the stocks in the meantime. The COVID-19 pandemic was also a massive drain on government coffers, making it harder for the Pentagon to aggressively push new spending initiatives that would appear on corporate earnings statements.
Investing in defense companies
The defense sector is more than just weapons used on land, sea, and air. It’s defined more broadly to include companies that primarily cater to the Pentagon or other government agencies.
The list includes weapons makers but also service companies that run IT networks, manage inventories, and perform other tasks for government agencies.
The strengths of defense companies include:
- The ability to navigate the Byzantine government procurement process and having thousands of employees with the security clearances necessary to do defense work.
- Predictable revenues driven largely by the government's annual provision of a five-year outlook of planned purchases.
- Healthy dividend payouts, which are due in part to research and development by some defense companies being funded by the government -- freeing up cash that can be returned to shareholders.
Finding the best defense stocks
How to find the best defense stocks
The defense sector tends to be a stable group of companies with a few failures but also a few standouts. Here are some tips to consider when evaluating individual defense companies:
Listen to the customer
The Pentagon has an insatiable appetite for new equipment. But with aircraft carriers costing more than $10 billion and F-35 fighters priced at $80 million or more, there are limits to how much the government can buy. To figure out the likely winners and losers, pay attention to the budgeting process.
Early in the year, the Pentagon sends a funding request to Congress, which then holds hearings to discuss priorities and make final allocation choices over the course of the spring and into the summer.
An investor need not hang on every word, but the budget request, which is available on the Pentagon’s website, and commentary elsewhere can provide clues about which billion-dollar programs are administration priorities.
Follow the numbers
Companies will often highlight massive contract awards in press releases without explaining that those big dollar figures are often spread out over many years and may depend on Congress approving the funds.
Pay attention to these metrics when evaluating defense stocks:
- Free cash flow: This is important for any business, but free cash flow can vary for defense contractors based on whether their projects are new or well established. Companies often spend more in the early stages of a production contract, temporarily depressing cash flow.
- Corporate backlogs: Investors should pay close attention to corporate backlogs, which are future contracts that have been awarded but not yet executed. How much of a backlog has been funded and how much of it must go through the congressional budgeting process can vary greatly.
- Book-to-bill ratio: This metric compares the value of orders received in a given quarter with the amount billed and indicates a company's growth potential. A growing company should have a book-to-bill ratio of at least 1.0, implying that orders for future products are being booked at a rate that equals or exceeds what is being shipped today.
Defense companies know that investors are focused on these metrics and typically make the relevant information available on quarterly earnings reports or conference calls.
Related investing topics
Are defense stocks right for your portfolio?
Defense companies manufacture lethal products and can be involved in supporting clandestine operations or intelligence-gathering that some find unsettling. If you don’t want to support those activities, then investing in defense stocks is not a great choice for you.
Defense stocks, like many industrials, tend to be more plodding than high-flying technology or biotech stocks. Defense stocks are best suited for income-oriented investors seeking steady growth and rising dividends rather than immense valuation increases.
